Introduction The growing people's awareness about the impact of food consumption on human health has led to serious consideration for the production and consumption of organic products, including rice in many countries. Rice is the second most used cereal after wheat in Iran where chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used for crop productions such as rice. Due to the lack of chemicals used in organic rice production, its consumption can be effective in reducing diseases and promoting community health. The global organic rice market that was valued at US$ 1, 120 million in 2017 expected to reach US$ 1, 390 million by the end of 2025, growing at a compound annual growth rate of 2. 8 percent. Despite its vital role, there is no official market for organic rice in the country and to best of our knowledge; little researches have been done in this area so far. This study aims to estimate willingness to pay for organic rice, using contingent valuation method based on open-ended questions in Shiraz city, and to evaluate indirectly possible changes in households’ well-being in Shiraz by switching towards organic rice. Methodology Since consumers' willingness to pay as the dependent variable consists of zero and positive values, the Tobit model was utilized as the first step of this study. However, the Tobit model relies crucially on normality and homoscedasticity assumptions. If the error term is either heteroskedastic or nonnormal, the MLE is inconsistent. Therefore, in this study, after estimating the Tobit model, the hypotheses of homoskedasticity and normality of the residuals were tested and the results showed that these hypotheses are rejected. The Tobit regression makes a strong assumption that the same probability mechanism generates both the zero and the positives values. Heckman twostep model allows for the possibility that such values are generated by different mechanism. Also, this model allows for dependence in the two parts of the model. The Heckman two-step model comprises a selection (participation) equation and an outcome (WTP) equation. In the first step of the Heckman two-stage procedure, a Probit model was estimated and based on the results, the inverse Mills ratio was calculated. In the second step, an ordinary least squares regression for the positive values of the dependent variable (consumer’ willingness to pay for organic chicken meat) was estimated including the inverse Mills ratio as one of the explanatory variables. Results and Discussions The results of Probit model showed that the effects of gender and household size on the selection of organic rice by consumers are significant. Accordingly, women are more likely to buy organic rice than men and as household size decreases the probability of buying organic rice increases. But estimation of Heckman second stage showed that the effects of these variables on the PRICE PREMIUM for organic rice are not significant. In other words, although women and families with low populations are more likely to choose organic rice, they are not willing to pay extra for organic rice. The results showed that education level has a positive and significant effect on both the selection and the willingness to pay for organic rice. Thus, the probability of organic rice being selected by the head of households with a college degree is 61% higher than that of uneducated households. The consumers’ willingness to pay with a college degree is about 39 % more than others. Household income is one of the most important variables influencing the choice and willingness to pay a PREMIUM for organic rice. The effect of this variable on consumers’ selection and willingness to pay for this product is positive and significant. According to the results, the probability of choosing organic rice by high-income households is 73% higher than low-income ones and their willingness to pay is 32% more. Conclusion and Suggestion The results of the data analysis showed that a significant percentage of people (about 89. 3%) are willing to pay a PRICE PREMIUM for organic rice consumption compared to their conventional type. Based on the findings of this study, it might be concluded that the more educated and richer families, the more they are willing to pay for organic rice, and presumably other organic foods, implying that their welfares go up significantly by switching from conventional rice to the organic rice consumption. Therefore, raising the awareness of people about the negative effects of pesticides and fertilizers application in conventional crop cultivation and the benefits of consuming organic rice can be effective in market development and increasing the willingness to pay for organic rice. To sum up with, it can be concluded that there is a potential consumption market for organic rice in Shiraz and rice producers in Fars province can benefit from it and start cultivating organic rice.

This paper investigates the relationship between disclosure quality, its components (timeliness and reliability) and stock PRICE delay in firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2003 to 2011. Furthermore, this paper investigates the association between the accounting and non-accounting components of stock PRICE delay with future stock PREMIUM. To this end, the panel data approach and Fama-Macbeth (1973) model is applied. The research results show that the increase in total disclosure quality and timeliness of financial reports decreases the stock PRICE delay. On the other hand, in firms those have higher disclosure quality and financial information issue in timely manner, the reaction speed of stock PRICEs to issued information is higher than that of other firms. Also, the results indicate that there is a positive and significant association between the accounting and non-accounting components of stock PRICE delay with future stock PREMIUM. This means that, to investment in firms with higher stock PRICE delay, the stock holders claim the higher rate of return.

Behavioral factors always play an important role in financial markets. All investors are not rational and their demand for riskiness of assets is influenced by their beliefs and feelings. Optimism, pessimism, self-confidence, ambiguity-aversion, etc. help changing the manner of decision-making process over time. So, this study aimed at investigating the role of accounting information on investors’ ambiguity-aversion in economic environment of Iran. For this purpose, information about 120 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2013 to 2017 was collected and analyzed. Multivariate regression models were used to analyze the data. The results show that earnings announcement PREMIUM for companies with high level of ambiguity, is more than for companies with low level of ambiguity. As a result, investors respond asymmetrically to good and bad news, and this asymmetry decreases with increasing of ambiguity level.

the growth and development of financial markets and instruments, the complexity of financial markets and the specialization of investment, investors and financial market professionals need tools, methods and models that help them choose the best investment and the most appropriate portfolios. This has led to a variety of theories, models, and methods for pricing asset holdings and the calculation of stock market outlook predictions, which are developing and changing every day. The aim of this research a scheme of CAPM models considering momentum PREMIUM. For this purpose, the researcher uses factor analysis method and structural equation method in order to more accurately analyze the data and measure the variables of the model. The results of 90 companies during the period from 2006 to 2016 in the Tehran Stock Exchange show that adding a factor to the momentum increases the explanatory power of the new model of capital asset valuation. Also, the return on a portfolio consisting of a losing company is less than the return on a portfolio of winning shares.

Risk-averse farmers are prudent to use different inputs because every input has a distinct effect on output fluctuations and production risk as well. This paper examines the effect of input using growth on producer welfare of date farmers in Sistan and Baluchestan province which is the second greatest producer and exporter of date in Iran. It is well known that input using growth impresses both productivity and risk PREMIUM. These two factors contribute to producer welfare so that increasing the productivity will boost the welfare and an addition to risk PREMIUM shall detract the welfare of risk-averse farmers. Results showed that technical change has reduced both productivity and production risk in 2011/2012 and the welfare increased as 912727.21. But, in 2010/2011, productivity and risk PREMIUM had a positive growth and finally the producer's welfare experienced a reduction as 1041478.41.

Purpose: To present potential benefits as well as limitations of PREMIUM intraocular lens (IOL) use, and provide insight in future of PREMIUM cataract surgery. Methods: Bibliographic research was performed in PubMed/Medline database, and the most recently updated papers were evaluated. Keywords used were: PREMIUM intraocular lens, multifocal intraocular lens, toric intraocular lens, toric multifocal intraocular lens, accommodative intraocular lens, and the respective brand names. Results: Multifocal IOLs provide uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) of 0. 03 logMAR in 82. 3%e95. 7% of patients and overall spectacle independence in 81%e85% of patients. Toric IOLs provide UDVA of 0. 3 logMAR in 70%e95% of patients, residual astigmatism of 1 D or less is noted in 67%e88% of patients, and spectacle independence is reported in 60%e85% of patients. Toric multifocal IOLs provide UDVA of 0. 3 logMAR in 92%e97% of patients, and spectacle independence is reported in 79%e90% of patients. Accommodative IOLs represent intensively developing field in ophthalmology, and the results are still variable depending on the IOL model. Conclusions: PREMIUM IOL technology and advanced surgical techniques have significantly improved postoperative visual outcomes. Future developments will potentiate development of new PREMIUM IOL designs that will provide spectacle independence and excellent visual outcomes after cataract surgery.